Note: Italic page numbers refer to illustrations.
A9, A18, and A27 (AUVs), 226
ABE (AUV), 226
Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships, 254
aerial drones, 210
Aerts, Lisanne, 187, 196, 212, 218, 229–31, 255
air locks, 87–89, 95, 97
air pressure. See compressed air
Alabama (submarine), 163–67
Albany Medical College, 120
Aliens (film), 241
Alistar 3000 (AUV), 226
al-Jazari, Ibn al-Razzaz, 191
alveoli, 47–48, 62–63, 65
Alvin (submersible), 184–85, 185, 190, 197
ama divers, 50, 70
American Medical Association, 108
ammonia, 269n
Amphora (ROV), 204
anaerobic respiration, 60
Andaman Islands, 248
And Soon I Heard a Roaring Wind (Streever), 268n
apnea, 45, 50, 57, 61, 109, 273n
Apnea Total, 57
Archerfish (submarine), 120
Arctic Ocean oil exploration, 251
Armstrong, Neil, 17, 281n
artificial gills, 239–40
artificial intelligence, 11, 28
Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha (Bihar School of Yoga), 273n
aseptic bone necrosis, 281n
Asimov, Isaac, 209
atmospheric diving suits
compared to ROVs, 199
development of, 152–54, 153, 282n
and Sylvia Earle, 243, 247
and Graham Hawkes, 202–3
and Phil Nuytten, 151, 154–55
and protection from pressure, 151, 154–57
autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). See also remotely operated vehicles (ROVs); underwater robots
Echo Voyager, 226
HUGINs, 224–26, 225, 261
Nereus, 226–27
Ocean Multipurpose System Status-6, 232–33
and oil industry, 228, 246
sleep-on-the-bottom AUVs, 228, 247
and Don Walsh, 27–28, 34–36
Autosub6000 (AUV), 226
Avatar (film), 241
azoic zone, 194–95, 209
Bahamas, 64, 217–18, 229, 231, 237, 249
Ballard, Robert, 243
balloons, 12, 21–22, 113, 202, 235, 268n, 270n
Bandini, Angela, 54
Barents Sea, 200
Barth, Bob, 119, 123–24, 128–30, 134–35, 279–80n
BASE jumping, 69, 276n
bathyscaphes, 14–15, 18–20, 33, 171, 269–70n
Bauer, Wilhelm, 159, 168
Bay of Fundy, 248
Beaufort Sea, 200
Beebe, William, 11, 268n
Belize, 259
bends. See decompression sickness
Bermuda, 129, 132
Bert, Paul, 83–84, 86, 96–97, 278n
Berwald, Juli, 271n
Big Blue, The (film), 276n
Bihar School of Yoga, 273
Bismarck (ship), 16
Blackburn, Richard, 134–35
black smokers (hydrothermal vents), 156, 184, 252, 255
blimps, 12, 171
Blind Man's Bluff (Sontag and Drew), 277n
blood
bleeding after deep dives, 48, 57, 62, 65, 69, 237
gasses in during dives, 23, 38, 42, 47, 55–56, 85–86, 96–97, 100, 104–5, 111, 141, 151, 236, 273n
and nanoparticle enhanced hemoglobin, 235, 239–40
Blue Robotics, 210–11, 215
body temperature
and decompression sickness, 86, 91, 140
and exotic gas diving, 123, 138
and nitrogen narcosis, 82, 86
Bonacca Ridge, 187
Bond, George
and development of saturation diving, 120–31, 135, 138, 140, 201, 229, 279n, 280n
and Project Genesis, 119, 121, 124
and Sealab project, 119, 127–33, 280–81n
and undersea colonization, 120–21, 135, 144–45, 150, 206–7
Bondi, Hermann, 203, 284–85n
Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices, The (al-Jazari), 191
Bostopus (ROV), 204
Bowfin (submarine), 207, 285n
Boyle, Robert, 42–44, 48–49, 54–55, 62, 81, 84–86, 87, 158–59, 283n
BP oil company, 24, 201, 206, 241, 255, 287n
Brandtaucher (submarine), 159–60, 168
Brazil, 162
breath-hold diving. See also free diving
and apnea, 45, 50, 57, 61, 109, 273n
breathing for, 39, 45, 48, 61–63, 65–66, 70, 78, 102–3, 109, 231, 238, 271n, 273n
chest and throat squeeze, 48–49, 274n
and ear problems, 49–50
and Greek sponge divers, 49–54, 75, 102–4, 235, 274n
Stathis Hatzis, 52–54, 72, 75, 78, 274n
and inspiration, 39
and lungs, 46–48, 55, 61–63, 65, 66, 274n
records for, 22, 45–46, 54, 57, 62, 68–70, 230, 271n, 273n
and yogic breathing, 46–48, 273n
breathing
for breath-hold diving, 39, 45, 48, 61–63, 65–66, 70, 78, 102–3, 109, 231, 238, 271n, 273n
difficulty of, at depth, 148
for exhale diving, 38–41
feeling need for, 40–42, 67–68
and oxygen toxicity, 122, 142
physiology of, 47–48, 97
yogic breathing, 46–48, 273n
Breda, Netherlands, 178–79, 183
bridge disease. See decompression sickness
British Association for the Advancement of Science, 193
British Department of Energy, 203
British Geological Survey, 195
British Royal Navy, 51, 98, 101–3, 162
bronchioles, 47
Brooklyn Bridge, 89–93, 141
Brylske, Alex, 240
bubbles, of gas in blood and tissues, 85–86, 96–97, 104–5, 111, 120, 141, 151, 236
Bucher, Raimondo, 53–54
Buono, Giuseppe, 7–9, 14, 20
Cable-Controlled Undersea Recovery Vehicle (CURV), 197–98, 198, 284n
Caddo Lake, 200
caisson disease. See decompression sickness
caisson workers
and compressed air, 86–90
and decompression sickness, 88–97, 99, 103, 106, 109, 277n
and fatalities, 88
Cameron, James, 10, 37, 186, 227, 241–42, 271n, 286–87n
Canada, 162
Cannon, Berry, 134–35
Capek, Karel, 284n
carbon dioxide
and exhale diving, 39, 42
and exotic gas diving, 115
and feeling the need to breath, 42, 67
and free diving, 236
and helmet diving, 84
and saturation diving, 135
and Spanker decompression dives, 102
and submarines, 159, 170–74
and submersibles, 188
and Trieste's life support systems, 25
and yogic breathing, 47
carbon monoxide, 108–9
Carpenter, Scott, 128, 132–33, 281n
Cartagena, Spain, 160
Caspian Sea, 200
Cassidy, Butch, 103
Catto, A. Y., 101–2
Cayman Trough, 187
Cetus (ROV), 204
C-Explorer 5 (submersible), 180–81
Challenger Deep
and Deepsea Challenger, 10, 37, 241–42, 286–87n
and Five Deeps Expedition, 262
and Kaikō, 207–9
and Nereus, 227
and Trieste, 7–32, 8, 9, 34–36, 38–39, 53, 71, 72, 171, 186, 207, 242, 267–68n, 269–70n
Chapman, Matthew, 163–67, 170, 176–78
Chapman, Roger, 284n
Chatzistathis, George, 52–54, 274n
chest squeeze, 48, 274n
Chile, 162
China
and atmospheric diving suits, 154–55
and free diving, 234
and submersibles, 27, 186, 242
China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, 242
Chinese 3 bolt diving suit, 78
chlorate candles, 170, 172
choking, 45
Christ, Robert D., 221–24, 228, 246–47, 285n, 286n
Churchill, Winston, 162–63, 177–78
Churchill-Davidson, Ian, 108
Civil War, 160
Clarke, James Stanier, 270–71n
Clarke, John, 139–43, 145, 149, 281–82n
Clean Water Act, 254
climate change, 253
Cold (Streever), 4
Cold War, 44, 74, 206
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 273n
compressed air
and caisson workers, 86–90
and decompression chambers, 95–96, 98–99, 98, 101, 104–10
depth limits of divers breathing, 21, 109
and dive stages, 244
and helmet diving, 75–76, 78, 80–84, 113, 116–18
and hyperbaric medicine, 106–9, 142
limits of compressors, 101–2, 106
as quack medical cure, 106–8
and scuba diving, 13, 119, 239, 269n
in submarines, 13
Trieste's use of, 13, 31
compressed gasses. See also compressed air; exotic gas diving
and diving, 23, 71, 96, 151
computers
diving computers, 65
and dynamic positioning, 207, 219
and nuclear submarines, 169
and rare metals, 259
and robots, 284n
and ROVs, 246
and submersibles, 181
and underwater exploration, 27–28
and weather forecasting, 268n
conchs, 256–57
conservation, 5, 238, 247, 250–52, 263
Conshelf I habitat, 125
contemplation, 47–48
Cooke, Charles John, 112–15
corals, 24, 40, 58, 188, 217, 253, 259, 272n
Cousteau, Jacques, 118, 125–27, 129, 180, 196, 252
crabs, 156, 253
crinoids, 189
ctenophores, 39
Cunningham, Orval, 107–8
Cussler, Clive, 160
Dahab, Egypt, 146
Damant, G. C. C., 101–3
Deane, Charles, 75–77, 223
Deane, John, 75–77, 223
Dean's Blue Hole, 229–34, 237, 286n
de Boer, Roy, 180
decompression
and atmospheric diving suits, 154
and Duke University extremely deep chamber dive, 148–49
and exotic gas diving, 23, 114, 125–26, 145, 151
and saturation diving, 110–12, 121, 123–24, 130–31
staged, 101, 103, 123
and submersibles, 179–80
surface decompression, 243–44
and technical divers, 145–46
decompression chambers
and atmospheric diving suits, 202
author's experience, 141–43
and caisson workers, 95–96
and compressed air, 95–96, 98–99, 98, 101, 104–10
and Duke University extremely deep chamber dive, 148–49
and exotic gas diving, 23, 114, 144
John Scott Haldane's experiments with, 98–99, 98, 101, 104, 106, 110
and hyperbaric medicine, 108–9
and quack medicine, 106–8
and saturation diving, 111–12, 121, 123–24, 130, 131, 147–49
as treatment for decompression sickness, 105, 109, 141–43, 236
and U.S. Navy EDU, 136–37, 140
decompression sickness
and air pressure, 88–97
and atmospheric diving suits, 157
and Paul Bert, 96–97
and body temperature, 86, 91, 140
and caisson workers, 88–97, 99, 103, 106, 109, 277n
and decompression tables, 98, 103, 106, 109, 113, 139, 148, 278n
and Duke University extremely deep chamber dive, 149
and exotic gas diving, 114, 151
and free diving, 236
and John Scott Haldane, 86, 97–104, 100, 109–10, 113, 122, 139, 141, 236, 278n
and helmet diving, 86, 104, 110, 201
and hyperbaric medicine, 109
and Dick Mason, 243–45
and Navy EDU divers, 137, 141
and nitrogen, 97, 111–12
Virginie Papadopoulou's research on, 104–7
preventing by using slow ascents from depth, 85–86, 95–96, 101, 103, 109, 236
quick-onset bends, 105
recompression as treatment for, 94–97, 104–5, 109
and Washington Roebling, 93–94
and saturation diving, 123, 133, 281n
and Andrew Smith, 86, 90–91, 94–97
and staged decompression, 101, 103, 123
symptoms of, 85–86, 88–97, 99, 102, 141, 244
treatment in decompression chambers, 105, 109, 141–43, 236
decompression tables, 98, 103, 106, 109, 113, 139, 148, 278n
Deep (Nestor), 69, 237, 276n
Deep, Deeper, Deepest (Marx), 286n
Deepsea Challenger (submersible), 10, 37, 241–42, 286–87n
deep sea creatures
around black smokers, 156
collected by dredges, 192–96, 194
and Kaikō, 209
and notion of lifeless deep sea, 194–96, 209
seen by Trieste's crew, 23, 26, 28–29, 33–34, 37, 39, 209
deep submergence rescue vehicles (DSRV), 72–73, 276n
Deep Trekker DTG2 Smart (ROV), 215–17, 220–21, 228, 231
Department of the Navy Human Research Protection Program (DON HRPP), 140
Desco 3 light diving suit, 78
Detorakis, Yannis, 274n
diaphragmatic contractions, 41–42, 44, 67
diesel-electric powered submarines, 160, 162–63, 226, 282–83n
Dietz, Robert, 267–68n
dirigibles, 12–13, 15, 113
diving. See atmospheric diving suits; breath-hold diving; exhale diving; exotic gas diving; free diving; helmet diving; saturation diving; scuba diving
diving bells, 11–12, 125–26, 144
DNV GL submersible certification organization, 183
dolphins, 133, 215, 238, 254–55, 257, 275n
dreams, 138, 143, 148
Drebbel, Cornelis, 158–59, 170–71, 178–79, 283n
dredges, 191–96, 192, 194
Drew, Christopher, 277n
ducks, 59–60
Dugan, James, 127
Duke University extremely deep chamber dive, 147–49
dynamic positioning, 207
dyspnea, 144
Eads Bridge, 87–89
Earle, Sylvia, 5, 243, 247–51, 253, 260, 287n, 288n
ear problems, 49–50, 52, 91, 99, 151, 157
Echo Voyager (AUV), 226
Economist (magazine), 4
Edison, Thomas, 161
Egg Island, 218
Eisenhower, Dwight D., 35
electrical patents, 112, 279n
electric light bulbs, 161
Eleuthera, Bahamas, 218–19, 249
End, Edgar, 114–15
Endangered Species Act, 254
enslaved divers, 237, 286n
environmental damage
and dredging, 196
and fishing industry, 24, 33–34, 250, 253, 255, 258
and mining industry, 252, 259
and oil industry, 24, 33–34, 206, 241, 251, 253, 255, 258–59, 271n
environmental protection, 34, 248, 250–51, 254–55, 259, 288n
eustachian tubes, 49
exhale diving, 38–44, 58, 273n
Exosuit, 154
exotic gas diving. See also saturation diving
and body temperature, 123, 138
and decompression, 23, 114, 125–26, 144–45, 151
and deep dives, 5, 22–23, 68
and helium, 23, 68, 73, 112–15, 144, 149, 156
and helmet diving, 23, 37
and hydrogen, 23, 144, 149, 157
Max Nohl's record-breaking dive, 114–16
and oil industry, 201
and oxygen, 23, 68, 73, 112, 114–16, 144, 149
and scuba diving, 239–40
and technical divers, 145
Experimental Diving Unit (EDU), 124, 136–37, 139–41, 143–44, 149, 239
exploration. See undersea exploration
Explorers Club, 30
F-4 (submarine), 113
fatalities
of caisson workers, 88
and diving bells, 125–26
and free diving, 54–55, 57, 63–65, 69, 275n
and helmet diving, 75, 78, 84
and saturation diving, 135
and submersibles, 183
fishing industry, 24, 250, 253, 255–59, 288n
Fitzgerald, Ella, 57
Five Deeps Expedition, 261–63
Florida Keys Community College, 240
flying eyeballs, 204, 222
Forbes, Edward, 191–96, 209
force feedback, 208
Ford, Henry, 161
Fossett, Steve, 202
Franklin, Ben, 65–66, 68, 276n
free diving. See also breath-hold diving
accessibility of, 238
in antiquity, 50–51
author's experiences, 5, 38–45, 58–59, 61, 65–68, 229–31
compared to scuba diving, 239–40
as competitive sport, 50, 53–54, 56–57, 62–65, 68–69
and diaphragmatic contractions, 41–42, 44, 67
and ear problems, 49–50
exhale diving, 38–44, 58, 273n
and fatalities, 54–55, 57, 63–65, 275n
fins for, 56–58, 64–66, 68
and Haitian lobster divers, 256–57
and loss of consciousness, 22, 41–42, 55–57, 61, 63–65, 68–69, 236
and mammalian dive reflex, 41, 58–61, 274–75n
and Herbert Nitsch, 22, 240–41, 271n
records for, 22, 45–46, 54, 57, 62, 68–70, 72, 75, 102–3, 230, 234–38, 271n, 273n, 276n
recovery protocols, 64
scientific and commercial applications, 69–71, 78, 237
and William Trubridge, 68, 230–31, 233–39, 249
Freediving (Detorakis), 274n
Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 271–72n
Fulton, Robert, 159
Gabr, Ahmed, 146–47, 271n
Gagnan, Émile, 118
gasoline, and Trieste's buoyancy, 8, 12–13, 15, 20–21, 26, 28, 30–32, 39, 171, 242, 269n, 271n
gassa, 51
gasses
Boyle's laws for, 43–44, 48–49, 54–55, 62, 81, 84–86, 87
dissolved in blood during dives, 23, 38, 42, 47, 55–56, 85–86, 96–97, 100, 104–5, 111, 141, 151, 236, 273n
gender ratio of underwater workers, 250
Germany, 162–63, 204, 223
Gillcrist, Dan, 282–83n
gill nets, 257–58
Gittleman, Mark, 246–47
Glenn, John, 127
gliders, 226
goats, 98–102, 100, 106, 119, 122–24, 136
Golf Ball (pressure chamber), 147
Goodman, Martin, 278n
Grand Lake St. Marys, 200
Grecian Bend, 91, 92
Greek sponge divers, 49–54, 75, 78, 102–4, 235, 274n
Grissom, Gus, 127
Guam, 7, 30, 36, 175
guinea pigs, 122, 124
Guinness World Records, 22
Gulf of Guinea, 248
Gulf of Mexico
ecosystems in, 143
environmental damage to, 24, 206, 241, 255
industrialization of, 206, 255, 287n
oil industry operations in, 141, 143, 200–201, 287n
hadal zone, 37
haenyo divers, 50
Haitian fisherman, 250, 255–59, 288n
Haldane, John Scott
and decompression chambers, 98–99, 98, 101, 104, 106, 110
decompression sickness experiments of, 86, 97–104, 100, 109–10, 113, 122, 139, 141, 236, 278n
Half Mile Down (Beebe), 268n
half-times, and decompression of tissues, 100
Halibut (submarine), 72–74, 110, 276n
Harris, Frank, 91–92
Hatzis, Stathis, 52–54, 72, 75, 78, 274n
Hawkes, Graham, 202–3, 252
heart rates, and mammalian dive reflex, 58–61
heliox, 122–24, 133, 154, 201
helium. See also heliox
in dirigibles, 12, 113
effect on divers' voices, 123, 131–32
in exotic gas diving, 23, 68, 73, 112–15, 144, 149, 156
and saturation diving, 122–23, 129, 131, 132, 149, 201
and scuba diving, 240
and technical divers, 145
helmet diving
and compressed air, 75–76, 78, 80–84, 113, 116–18
and decompression sickness, 86, 104, 110, 201
depth limits of, 38, 52, 102
descent and ascent procedures, 78–85
development of, 15, 75, 76, 77
and exotic gas breathing, 23, 37
and fatalities, 75, 78, 84
hot water heater helmets for, 116–17, 117, 279n
and loss of consciousness, 84
and nitrogen narcosis, 82–85
suits and equipment for, 78–79, 97, 110, 113–18, 117, 130, 153, 201, 223, 279n
Helmets of the Deep (Lyon), 279n
hemoglobin, 39, 235, 239–40
Herodotus, 50
Hill, Leonard, 97
History of Oilfield Diving, The (Swann), 284n
Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, The (Adams), 259
H. L. Hunley (submarine), 160
Holland, 157, 162, 183
Homer, 50
Honduras, 38, 186, 230
Hope Spots, 247–48, 287n
hot-water suits, 73
Housatonic (ship), 160
Hudson River Tunnel, 97
HUGINs, 224–26, 225, 261
human brain
and diaphragmatic contractions, 42
and mammalian dive reflex, 60
and need to breath, 40–42, 67–68
and nitrogen narcosis, 82–85
oxygen levels required for consciousness, 55–56, 68
hydrogen
in dirigibles, 12
in exotic gas diving, 23, 144, 149, 157
hydrothermal vents, 155, 207, 252, 255
hyperbaric medicine, 106–9, 142
I, Robot (Asimov), 209
Idabel (submersible), 180, 186–90
insanity, 144, 148
International Association for the Development of Apnea, 57
invasive species, 253
Iran, 157
iron shot ballast, 14–15, 24, 26, 30, 32, 242, 269n
Irving, Laurence, 274–75n
Italy
and construction of Trieste, 11, 269n
and recovery of battleship's lost anchor, 52, 72, 75, 78
and WWII, 162
James I (king of England), 158
Jaminet, Alphonse, 88–91, 94, 277n
Japan
diving in, 50, 57, 70
and Kaikō, 207–10, 219, 226, 285n
and robots, 191
and ROVs, 204
and Shinkai 6500, 186
submarines of, 157, 162
and WWII, 162
Jehangir, Rusty, 210–11
jellyfish, 24, 26, 39, 194, 226, 271n
Jiaolong (submersible), 186, 190
Johnson, Lyndon, 132
Johnson, Samuel, 32–33
Johnson-Sea-Link (submersible), 183
joint pain, 85, 88–89, 97, 143
Journal of Applied Physiology, 61
joystick controllers, 214, 216–18, 220–23
Junod, Victor, 277n
Kaharl, Victoria A., 185
Kaikō (ROV), 207–10, 219, 226, 285n
Kairei (ship), 207, 219, 285n
kampanelopetra, 51, 53
Kangis, George, 52–54, 274n
Kanyon (AUV), 232–33
kapalbhati pranayama, 46, 48
Kara Sea, 200
Keller, Hannes, 125–26
Kerry, John, 287n
Kings Bay, Georgia, 167
King's College London, 195
Kipling, Rudyard, 245
Kittinger, Joe, 270n
kolaouzieris, 51
Kordovsky, Gunter, 272n
Korea, 50, 139, 206
Kostel, Ken, 227
Kursk (submarine), 173–74
Laconia (ship), 162
Lahey, Patrick, 262
Lake Erie, 200
Lake Maracaibo, 200
leatherback sea turtles, 24
Leonardo da Vinci, 191, 284n
Leonardo da Vinci (submarine), 162
Lethbridge, John, 152–53, 282n
Leydon, J. K., 280–81n
Life of Admiral Lord Nelson, K.B., from His Lordship's Manuscripts, The (Clarke and M'Arthur), 270–71n
Life of Horatio Lord Nelson, The (Southey), 270–71n
lighter-than-air craft, 12–13, 15, 113
Link, Edwin, 125
Lister Institute, 106
lobster diving, 70, 237, 255–57, 259, 288n
lobsters, around black smokers, 156
Long Island, Bahamas, 229, 231, 237
Lord Howe Rise, 248
Louisiana, 142, 200, 206
Lucayo Indians, 237, 286n
luminescence, in deep sea creatures, 23
lungs
and breath-hold diving, 46–48, 55, 61–63, 65, 66, 274n
and development of saturation diving, 121–22
and exhale diving, 43–44
and free ascents from depth, 120
Lusitania (ship), 153
Lyon, Leon, 279n
M'Arthur, John, 270–71n
Madin, Larry, 227
Maiorca, Enzo, 54, 276n
Maiorca, Patrizia, 54
Maiorca, Rossana, 54
Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370, 225, 261
mammalian dive reflex, 41, 58–61, 274–75n
Man in the Sea Museum, 144–45, 153
Manning, Tiger, 130
Manual of British Natural History in All Its Departments, A (Forbes), 191–92
Marine Debris Research, Prevention, and Reduction Act, 254
Marine Mammal Protection Act, 254
marine sanctuaries, 254
Mark V diving suit, 78
Mars, 176
Marx, Robert F., 286n
Mason, Dick, 243–45
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 112
Maui dolphins, 238
Mayol, Jacques, 54, 276n
Melville, Herman, 24
mercury, 43
metallic lithium, 269n
methane, 113–14
Mevoli, Nick, 63–66, 275n
Middle Waters (Clarke), 281–82n
mineral ores, around black smokers, 156
mining industry, 24, 252, 255, 259, 287–88n
Mir I and Mir II Russian submersibles, 185–86
Mission Blue, 247–48, 287n
Modern Mechanics (magazine), 116–17, 117, 279n
Molchanova, Alexey, 68
Molchanova, Natalia, 54
Mond, Ludwig, 106
Moran, Michael E., 284n
Morse diving suit, 78
Moss, Geoffrey, 157–58
motor control loss, 23, 56–57, 63–64, 68, 84, 91–93, 236
Museo Naval, 160–61
Musk, Elon, 259–60
nanotechnology, 235, 239–40
NASA, 17, 27, 44, 127–28, 246
National Environmental Policy Act, 254
National Geographic Society, 37, 242, 247
National Museum of the U.S. Navy, 270n
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 247
Natural History of the European Seas (Forbes), 194
Nautile (submersible), 186
Nautilus (submarine), 163
Naval Base Kitsap, 157, 163
Nelson, Horatio, 18–19, 270–71n
Nereus (hybrid ROV AUV), 226–27
Nestor, James, 69, 237, 276n
Netherlands, 178–79
Newtsuit, 154
New Zealand, 233, 237–38
nitrogen
and decompression sickness, 97, 111–12
nitrogen narcosis, 82–86, 102, 107, 116, 122, 154, 236, 271n, 277n
and saturation diving, 111–12, 121–22, 124
and scuba diving, 239–40
Nitsch, Herbert, 22, 240–41, 271n
Nohl, Max, 114–16, 121, 130, 146–47, 159, 279n
noise pollution, 253
No More Worlds to Conquer (Wright), 16–17, 270n
North Sea, 200, 203
No Time on Our Side (Chapman), 197, 284n
nuclear-powered AUVs, 232–33
nuclear-powered submarines, 132, 163, 282–83n. See also Alabama (submarine); San Francisco (submarine); Tennessee (submarine)
Nuytten, Phil, 151–52, 154–57, 184–85, 207, 252
Obama, Barack, 251
Ocean Dumping Act, 254
Ocean Elders, 251, 287n
Ocean Hole, 219–21
Ocean Infinity, 225, 261
Ocean Multipurpose System Status-6, 232–33
Ocean Simulation Facility, 136
off-gassing, 23, 131, 243. See also gasses
oil industry
Arctic Ocean oil exploration, 251
and AUVs, 228, 246
damage to deep sea environment by, 24, 206, 241, 251, 253, 255, 258, 271n
history of, 199–200
and ROVs, 199, 202, 204–7, 205, 223, 246
and saturation diving, 74, 138–39, 141, 144, 150, 199, 201
and submersibles, 184
underwater exploration for, 11, 24, 200–201, 200
Oliver (ship), 40, 272n
One Breath (Skolnick), 275n
Operation Ivy Bells, 72–75, 109–10, 118, 135–36, 159, 276n, 277n
Operation Ivy Bells (Williscroft), 277n
oxygen. See also heliox
and exhale diving, 38–39, 41–42, 273n
in exotic gas diving, 23, 68, 73, 112, 114–16, 144, 149
and free diving, 55, 67–68, 273n
and helmet diving, 83–84
and hyperbaric medicine, 107–8
levels required for consciousness, 55–56, 68
and mammalian dive reflex, 59–60
and nanoparticle enhanced hemoglobin, 235, 239–40
and ocean dead zones, 255
and saturation diving, 112, 121–22, 135, 149
and scuba diving, 239–40
and submarines, 163, 170, 173–74
and submersibles, 184, 188
and surface decompression, 243
as treatment for decompression sickness, 97, 105, 141–42
in Trieste's life support system, 25
Oxygen (Trubridge), 231, 234
oxygen toxicity, 83–84, 116, 122, 142, 154
Panama, 50
Panama City, Florida, 124, 128–29, 136, 153, 239, 280n
Papadopoulou, Virginie, 104–7
Pasley, Charles, 86, 94
Pelton, Ronald, 74
Peral, Isaac, 160–61, 171
Peral (submarine), 160–61
Performance Freediving International, 57
Persian Gulf, 200
physical testing, of experimental divers, 124–25, 130, 147–48
Piccard, Auguste, 12, 18, 267–68n, 270n
Piccard, Jacques
deep sea creatures observed, 23, 26, 28–29, 33–34, 37, 39, 209
and fear, 30–31
and Trieste's Challenger Deep expedition, 8–10, 12, 14–32, 34–36, 39, 71, 242, 267–68n, 269–70n
Pictorial History of Oceanographic Submersibles, A (Sweeney), 283n
plankton, 39–41, 66, 209, 217, 259
plastic in oceans, 238, 250, 259
Plutarch, 50
plutonium, 74
pneumatic institutes, 107–8
Poodle (ROV), 197, 223
porpoises, 60, 234, 255
Porter, Steve, 147–50
Power Shift (Gillcrist), 157, 282–83n
pressure chambers. See decompression chambers
Pressure Drop (ship), 262
pressure-proof hulls, 150, 183
"Prevention of Compressed-Air Illness, The" (Haldane and Damant), 103
Proceedings (U.S. Naval Institute's magazine), 251
Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI), 57–58, 274n
Project Genesis, 119, 121, 124
psychological effects of extreme depths, 124, 141, 144–48, 150, 165
psychological testing, 124, 165
Puerto Rico Trench, 262
Putin, Vladimir, 186
rapture of the deep. See nitrogen
rats, 121–22, 124, 136
Reaves, John, 134–35
Rebikoff, Dimitri, 196–97, 223
rebreathers
compared to scuba diving, 240
Max Nohl's record-breaking dive, 115, 130, 159
and Operation Ivy Bells, 73, 159
and scrubbing CO2, 135, 170
and Sealab, 130, 135, 280n
and technical divers, 145
Rechnitzer, Andreas, 17–19, 35
recompression, 94–97, 104–5, 109
remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)
author's experience, 211–12, 215–21, 228, 229–33
cameras on, 199, 214, 216
and Robert Christ, 221–24, 246–47
compared to divers, 206, 240, 284–85n
and Graham Hawkes, 202–3, 252
improvements in modern, 204, 222–23, 285n
Kaikō, 207–10, 219, 285n
for light commercial work, 214
Nereus, 226–27
and oil industry, 199, 202, 204–7, 205, 223, 246
recreational use of, 210–15, 222, 228
reducing costs of, 210–12, 214–15
support ships for, 203–5, 207, 218–19, 228
tethers for, 11, 207–8, 213–14, 220–24, 227, 228, 286n
REMUS (AUV), 226
Réunion Island, 70
rheumatism, 86, 94
Richet, Charles Robert, 59
Roatán Island, 186–88
RoboLobster (AUV), 226
Roebling, Washington A., 93–94
Rogers, Mark "Tex," 240, 272–73n
Rolex, 37
Rothesay, Isle of Bute, 101
Rouquayrol-Denayrouze self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, 118, 119
ROV Manual, The (Christ and Wernli), 221–24, 285n, 286n
Royal George (ship), 86
Russia
and free diving, 50, 54
and Kursk loss, 173
and space exploration, 127
and submersibles, 185–86
and UAVs, 232–33
S-13 (submarine), 162
safety divers, 41, 45, 55–56, 63–64, 68
salps, 39
samba. See motor control loss
San Blas Islands, 50
San Francisco (submarine), 175–77, 176, 189
San Juan (submarine), 172, 261, 283n
Santa Barbara Channel, 200
Sargasso Sea, 248, 286n
sargassum, 216, 231–32, 286n
saturation diving. See also exotic gas diving
and accidents, 246
author's experiences, 138–39, 141–43, 170, 261
George Bond's experiments, 120–31, 135, 138, 140, 201, 229, 279n, 280n
compared to costs of atmospheric diving suit, 154
and decompression chambers, 111–12, 121, 123–24, 130, 131, 147–49
decompression requirements for, 110–12, 121, 123–24, 130–31
and decompression sickness, 123, 133, 281n
and Sylvia Earle, 247
as example of innovative thinking, 15
and fatalities, 135
and heliox, 122–24
and helium, 122–23, 129, 131, 132, 149, 201
and Phil Nuytten, 151
and oil industry, 74, 138–39, 141, 144, 150, 199, 201
and Operation Ivy Bells, 72–75, 118, 135–36
and oxygen, 112, 121–22, 135, 149
and Sealab, 11, 118, 124, 127–33, 129, 281n
and U.S. Navy, 119–20, 123–24, 135, 138–40, 143–44, 279–80n
Scarlet Knight glider, 226
Scholander, Per, 59–60, 274–75n
scientist, as term, 42, 273n
Scorpio (ROV), 204
Scripps Canyon, 132
scuba diving
air pressure in scuba tanks, 13, 269n
compared to other forms of diving, 239–40
depth limits of, 21, 236, 271n
invention and development of, 118, 119
and PADI, 57–58
and technical divers, 145–46
YMCA instruction in, 10
sea cucumbers, 29, 34, 192, 256–57
Sea Dwellers (Barth), 123, 279–80n
Sealab program
and George Bond, 119, 127–33, 280–81n
and saturation diving, 11, 118, 124, 127–33, 129, 281n
and U.S. Navy, 11, 118–19, 127–28, 131–32, 134, 135–36, 144–45, 279–80n, 280–81n
seals, 43, 59–61, 275n
Sea of Okhotsk, 72–73
Sea Owl (ROV), 204
SeaTrepid, 221
sea turtles, 24, 43, 254, 257–59
Sentry (AUV), 226
Seven Miles Down (Piccard and Dietz), 267–68n
sharks, 70, 183, 218, 237
Shell Oil, 200–201
Shepard, Alan, 127
Shinkai (submersible), 186, 190
Shore Protection Act, 254
Shumaker, Larry, 17, 35, 268n
Siebe, Augustus, 76–78, 86, 97, 153, 201
simulations, 205
Sitting Bull, 161
skin bends, 101–2
Skolnick, Adam, 275n
sleds, 54, 235, 240
Small, Peter, 125–26
Smith, Andrew, 86, 90–91, 94–97
Solwara 1, 24
"Sons of Martha, The" (Kipling), 245
Sontag, Sherry, 277n
SOSUS stations, 138
South China Sea, 3, 243
Southey, Robert, 270–71n
South Sandwich Trench, 262
Soviet Union, 72–74, 162, 206, 276n
space exploration, 10, 17, 44, 127–28, 176, 239, 246–47, 259
SpaceX, 259–60
Spanker (ship), 101–3
sperm whales, 24
Spider (ROV), 204
spider monkeys, 122, 124
Spineless (Berwald), 271
Spitsbergen, Norway, 248
spleens, 60
sponges
diving for, 49–54, 75, 78, 102–4, 235, 274n
and plastic in the oceans, 259
on shipwrecks, 40, 272n
Spratt, Thomas, 51–52, 102, 274n
Stanley, Karl, 180, 186–90, 249
Star Wars (film), 209
Statti, Yorgos Haggi, 52–54, 274n
Stirling engines, 156
strangulation, 45
Streeter, Tanya, 54
Streever, Bill
aboard Tennessee, 167–72, 177
interview with Matthew Chapman, 163–67, 170, 176–78
interview with Sylvia Earle, 5, 247–51, 253, 260, 288n
ROV experiences of, 211–12, 215–21, 228, 229–33
saturation diving experiences of, 3, 138–39, 141–43, 170, 261
and Don Walsh, 10–11, 15–18, 27–28, 35–36, 68, 157, 171, 229, 243
writing of In Oceans Deep, 3–6, 15–16, 241–43, 248–51, 261
stress, 133, 142, 165, 203
Sturgeon (submarine), 162
submarines. See also specific submarines
ballast tanks of, 175
buoyancy control in, 13
capabilities of U.S. Navy, 23, 110, 164–65, 167–68, 189, 283n
and carbon dioxide, 159, 170–74
compared to submersibles, 166, 178
demographics of crews on, 282n
diesel-electric powered, 160, 162–63, 226, 282–83n
early development of, 33, 158–60, 283n
emergency escape from, 120, 123
and inaccuracies of undersea charts, 174–77, 189
jokes about, 171, 177
nuclear-powered, 163, 282–83n
sinkings of, 172–74
and undersea colonization, 156, 163–64, 185
and WWII, 162–63, 177–78, 207, 223, 226, 285n, 286n
Submersible, Portable, Inflatable Dwelling (SPID), 125
submersibles. See also Trieste (bathyscaphe)
authors experience, 5, 186–90
and China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, 242
compared to scuba diving, 239
compared to submarines, 166, 178
and compartmentalization of underwater knowledge, 5
cost of operating, 184
and decompression, 179–80
and Sylvia Earle, 247, 249
and fatalities, 183
and Five Deeps Expedition, 261–62
and Graham Hawkes, 202–3
and rescue by CURV, 197–98, 284n
as research vessels, 184–86
Russian, 185–86
support ships for, 178, 182, 184, 187, 249
U-BoatWorx, 166, 178–84
Suffer and Survive (Goodman), 278n
suffocation, 184, 231, 236
Sundance Kid, 103
support ships
and atmospheric diving suits, 154
and AUVs, 36, 246
and commercial diving, 201, 243
and Deepsea Challenger, 37
and Five Deeps Expedition, 262
and ROVs, 203–5, 207, 218–19, 228
and saturation diving, 154
and submersibles, 36, 178, 182, 184, 187, 249
and Trieste, 7, 18–20, 32
SurDO2, 243
surface decompression, 243–44
swallowing, 49
Swann, Christopher, 284n
swarm technology, 247
Sweeney, James B., 283n
swim fins, 56–58, 63–66, 68, 230, 235, 256, 288n
tagging, 70–71, 237, 275n
Talbert, Chris, 272n
tapping undersea telephone cables, 73–74, 135
Tasman Sea, 248
technical divers, 145–50, 159, 184
Tektite II habitat, 247
Tennessee (submarine), 167–72, 177
Terminator, The (film), 241
tethers
and CURV I, 198
for diving bells, 12
for ROVs, 11, 207–8, 213–14, 220–24, 227, 228, 286n
Than, Ker, 286–87n
thermoclines, 21–22, 32, 66
Thomson, Elihu, 112–13, 115
three-phase brushless motors, 210–11
Thresher (submarine), 131–32
throat squeeze, 48–49, 274n
Thucydides, 50
Titanic (film), 241
Titanic (ship), 16, 184–85
Toa diving suit, 78
tonic-clonic seizures, 84, 122
torpedoes, 160, 173, 197
Toyama Maru (ship), 162
Travels and Researches in Crete (Spratt), 274n
Triangle (Clarke), 281–82n
Trieste (bathyscaphe)
and Challenger Deep expedition, 7–32, 8, 9, 34–36, 38–39, 53, 71, 72, 171, 186, 207, 242, 267–68n, 269–70n
compared to Deepsea Challenger, 242
compared to diving bell, 11–12
cracked view port of, 26, 31, 35
gasoline buoyancy control for, 8, 12–13, 15, 20–21, 26, 28, 30–32, 39, 171, 242, 269n, 271n
iron shot ballast for, 14–15, 24, 26, 30, 32, 242, 269n
life support systems of, 25, 170
lighting system of, 25–26, 28, 30–32
and relative nature of depth, 22, 37, 68, 190
restrictions on operating depth of, 35–36, 271–72n
shallow water telephone system of, 7, 19–20, 24
U.S. government support for, 17–19, 35–36, 270n
voice-modulated sonar "telephone" system of, 24–25, 30–31
Tritonia diving suit, 153, 153
Triton Submarines, 262
Trubridge, William, 68, 230–31, 233–39, 249
Tsushima Maru (ship), 207, 285n
tunicates, 39
Turtle (submarine), 159, 283n
turtles, 24, 43, 254, 257–59
tympanic membrane, 49
U-156 (submarine), 162
U-BoatWorx, 166, 178–84
uddiyana bandha, 46
unconsciousness
and decompression sickness, 92–93
and free diving, 22, 41–42, 54–57, 61, 63–65, 68–69, 236
and helmet diving, 84
Undersea & Hyperbaric Medical Society, 108
undersea colonization, 120–21, 135, 144–45, 150, 155–57, 163–64, 185, 206–7
undersea exploration
and James Cameron, 10, 37, 186, 227, 241–42
and dredges, 191–96, 194
and Sylvia Earle, 247–50, 253, 260
Five Deeps Expedition, 261–63
inaccuracies of undersea charts, 174–77, 189
and medical science, 33
and mining industry, 24, 252, 255, 259, 288n
and notion of lifeless deep sea, 194–96, 209
for oil industry, 11, 24, 200–201, 200
in popular imagination, 16–17, 44, 127, 235–36, 263
and robots, 11, 15, 27–28, 34–36, 191, 227, 261, 263, 271n
and technical diving, 147
U.S. government support for, 17–19, 27, 35–36, 270n, 279n
and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 227
underwater ecosystems, 143, 156, 252
underwater robots. See also autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs); remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)
and artificial intelligence, 11, 28
and cameras, 196–97
and Challenger Deep, 10
compared to atmospheric diving suits, 155
compared to divers, 239–40, 246
CURV program, 197–98, 198, 284n
development of, 11
dredges as, 191–96, 194
and Sylvia Earle, 247
early history of, 191, 284n
micro-and pico-robots, 247
mining with, 24
and undersea colonization, 150
and undersea exploration, 11, 15, 27–28, 34–36, 191, 227, 261, 263, 271n
Don Walsh on, 27–28, 34–36, 190, 261, 271n
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 272n
U.S. government
and exotic gas diving experiments, 114
and marine environmental protection, 34, 254, 259
and space race, 127
support for undersea exploration by, 17–19, 27, 35–36, 270n, 279n
U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, 251
U.S. Naval Undersea Museum, 270n
U.S. Navy
and atmospheric diving suits, 153
capabilities of submarines in, 23, 110, 164–65, 167–68, 189, 283n
and CURV program, 197
and decompression tables, 109, 139
and development of saturation diving, 119–20, 123–24, 135, 138–40, 143–44, 279–80n
Experimental Diving Unit, 124, 136–37, 139–41, 143–44, 149, 239
and Operation Ivy Bells, 72–74, 118, 135–36, 159, 276n
and ROVs, 199
and salvage of submarine F-4, 113
and Sealab program, 11, 118–19, 127–28, 131–32, 135–36, 144–45, 279–80n, 280–81n
submarine fleet of, 157, 163–72, 282n
support for undersea exploration by, 11, 35–37, 271–72n
and Trieste's Challenger Deep expedition, 8, 12, 18–19, 35, 38, 267–68n, 269–70n
and Don Walsh, 16, 27
WWII submarine warfare, 162–63, 207, 285n
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104
upward abdominal lock, 46
Utila, Honduras, 38, 46, 272n
Vancouver, British Columbia, 151, 155
vascularization, 63
Vent Base Alpha, 155–57, 185, 207
Venus, 176
Verne, Jules, 164, 180
Vertical Blue international free diving competition, 230
Vescovo, Victor, 262
vestibular hits, 151
VonDuyke, Andrew, 275n
von Lünen, Alexander, 278n
voutto (diver), 51
Walk in the Woods, A (Bryson), 11
Walsh, Don
and Alvin, 184
and James Cameron, 37, 286–87n
deep sea creatures observed, 23, 26, 28–29, 33–34, 37, 39, 209
and Sylvia Earle, 251
and fear, 30–31
and Five Deeps Expedition, 262
on the nature of the deep sea, 68
and No More Worlds to Conquer (Wright), 16, 270n
on popularity of deep sea exploration, 16–17, 37
and Power Shift, 157
on robotics, 27–28, 34–36, 190, 261, 271n
and Bill Streever, 10–11, 15–18, 27–28, 35–36, 68, 157, 171, 229, 243
and Trieste's Challenger Deep expedition, 8–11, 14–32, 34–36, 39, 71, 171, 186, 242, 267–68n, 269–70n
Walsh, Joan, 11
WASP diving suit, 202
Water Baby (Kaharl), 185
water pressure
and atmospheric diving suits, 151, 154–57
and deep water oil drilling, 201
and helmet diving, 81–82
and submersibles, 182–83, 189–90
and Trieste, 10, 12–14, 31
water temperature
and depth, 22, 31
and hot-water suits, 73
Wendy Schmidt Ocean Health prize, 260
Wernli, Robert L., 221–22, 285n, 286n
whales, 4, 24, 43, 71, 199, 253–55, 275n
Whewell, William, 42, 273n
Wilhelm Gustloff (ship), 162
Williscrof, Robert G., 277n
Wolfe, Tom, 127
women
gender ratio of underwater workers, 250
on U.S. Navy submarines, 282n
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 184, 227, 243
World War II, submarine warfare, 162–63, 177–78, 207, 223, 226, 285n, 286n
Wright, Chris, 16–17, 270n
XPRIZE Foundation, 260
YMCA, 10
yogic breathing, 46–48, 273n
Yokohama diving suit, 78
Bill Streever is the bestselling and award-winning author of And Soon I Heard a Roaring Wind, Cold, and Heat. He began his working life as a commercial diver. Later, as a biologist, he worked on issues ranging from climate change to the restoration of Arctic tundra to underwater noise to the evolution of cave crayfish. Today, with his wife and co-captain, he splits his time between Alaska and their cruising sailboat, currently in South America.