Index

Note: Italic page numbers refer to illustrations.

 

A9, A18, and A27 (AUVs), 226

ABE (AUV), 226

Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships, 254

aerial drones, 210

Aerts, Lisanne, 187, 196, 212, 218, 229–31, 255

air locks, 87–89, 95, 97

air pressure. See compressed air

Alabama (submarine), 163–67

Albany Medical College, 120

Aliens (film), 241

Alistar 3000 (AUV), 226

al-Jazari, Ibn al-Razzaz, 191

alveoli, 47–48, 62–63, 65

Alvin (submersible), 184–85, 185, 190, 197

ama divers, 50, 70

American Medical Association, 108

ammonia, 269n

Amphora (ROV), 204

anaerobic respiration, 60

Andaman Islands, 248

And Soon I Heard a Roaring Wind (Streever), 268n

apnea, 45, 50, 57, 61, 109, 273n

Apnea Total, 57

Archerfish (submarine), 120

Arctic Ocean oil exploration, 251

Armstrong, Neil, 17, 281n

artificial gills, 239–40

artificial intelligence, 11, 28

Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha (Bihar School of Yoga), 273n

aseptic bone necrosis, 281n

Asimov, Isaac, 209

atmospheric diving suits

compared to ROVs, 199

development of, 152–54, 153, 282n

and Sylvia Earle, 243, 247

and Graham Hawkes, 202–3

and Phil Nuytten, 151, 154–55

and protection from pressure, 151, 154–57

autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). See also remotely operated vehicles (ROVs); underwater robots

Echo Voyager, 226

HUGINs, 224–26, 225, 261

Nereus, 226–27

Ocean Multipurpose System Status-6, 232–33

and oil industry, 228, 246

sleep-on-the-bottom AUVs, 228, 247

and Don Walsh, 27–28, 34–36

Autosub6000 (AUV), 226

Avatar (film), 241

azoic zone, 194–95, 209

 

Bahamas, 64, 217–18, 229, 231, 237, 249

Ballard, Robert, 243

balloons, 12, 21–22, 113, 202, 235, 268n, 270n

Bandini, Angela, 54

Barents Sea, 200

Barth, Bob, 119, 123–24, 128–30, 134–35, 279–80n

BASE jumping, 69, 276n

bathyscaphes, 14–15, 18–20, 33, 171, 269–70n

Bauer, Wilhelm, 159, 168

Bay of Fundy, 248

Beaufort Sea, 200

Beebe, William, 11, 268n

Belize, 259

bends. See decompression sickness

Bermuda, 129, 132

Bert, Paul, 83–84, 86, 96–97, 278n

Berwald, Juli, 271n

Big Blue, The (film), 276n

Bihar School of Yoga, 273

Bismarck (ship), 16

Blackburn, Richard, 134–35

black smokers (hydrothermal vents), 156, 184, 252, 255

blimps, 12, 171

Blind Man's Bluff (Sontag and Drew), 277n

blood

bleeding after deep dives, 48, 57, 62, 65, 69, 237

gasses in during dives, 23, 38, 42, 47, 55–56, 85–86, 96–97, 100, 104–5, 111, 141, 151, 236, 273n

and nanoparticle enhanced hemoglobin, 235, 239–40

Blue Robotics, 210–11, 215

body temperature

and decompression sickness, 86, 91, 140

and exotic gas diving, 123, 138

and nitrogen narcosis, 82, 86

Bonacca Ridge, 187

Bond, George

and development of saturation diving, 120–31, 135, 138, 140, 201, 229, 279n, 280n

and Project Genesis, 119, 121, 124

and Sealab project, 119, 127–33, 280–81n

and undersea colonization, 120–21, 135, 144–45, 150, 206–7

Bondi, Hermann, 203, 284–85n

Book of Knowledge of Ingenious Mechanical Devices, The (al-Jazari), 191

Bostopus (ROV), 204

Bowfin (submarine), 207, 285n

Boyle, Robert, 42–44, 48–49, 54–55, 62, 81, 84–86, 87, 158–59, 283n

BP oil company, 24, 201, 206, 241, 255, 287n

Brandtaucher (submarine), 159–60, 168

Brazil, 162

breath-hold diving. See also free diving

and apnea, 45, 50, 57, 61, 109, 273n

breathing for, 39, 45, 48, 61–63, 65–66, 70, 78, 102–3, 109, 231, 238, 271n, 273n

chest and throat squeeze, 48–49, 274n

and ear problems, 49–50

and Greek sponge divers, 49–54, 75, 102–4, 235, 274n

Stathis Hatzis, 52–54, 72, 75, 78, 274n

and inspiration, 39

and lungs, 46–48, 55, 61–63, 65, 66, 274n

records for, 22, 45–46, 54, 57, 62, 68–70, 230, 271n, 273n

and yogic breathing, 46–48, 273n

breathing

for breath-hold diving, 39, 45, 48, 61–63, 65–66, 70, 78, 102–3, 109, 231, 238, 271n, 273n

difficulty of, at depth, 148

for exhale diving, 38–41

feeling need for, 40–42, 67–68

and oxygen toxicity, 122, 142

physiology of, 47–48, 97

yogic breathing, 46–48, 273n

Breda, Netherlands, 178–79, 183

bridge disease. See decompression sickness

British Association for the Advancement of Science, 193

British Department of Energy, 203

British Geological Survey, 195

British Royal Navy, 51, 98, 101–3, 162

bronchioles, 47

Brooklyn Bridge, 89–93, 141

Brylske, Alex, 240

bubbles, of gas in blood and tissues, 85–86, 96–97, 104–5, 111, 120, 141, 151, 236

Bucher, Raimondo, 53–54

Buono, Giuseppe, 7–9, 14, 20

 

Cable-Controlled Undersea Recovery Vehicle (CURV), 197–98, 198, 284n

Caddo Lake, 200

caisson disease. See decompression sickness

caisson workers

and compressed air, 86–90

and decompression sickness, 88–97, 99, 103, 106, 109, 277n

and fatalities, 88

Cameron, James, 10, 37, 186, 227, 241–42, 271n, 286–87n

Canada, 162

Cannon, Berry, 134–35

Capek, Karel, 284n

carbon dioxide

and exhale diving, 39, 42

and exotic gas diving, 115

and feeling the need to breath, 42, 67

and free diving, 236

and helmet diving, 84

and saturation diving, 135

and Spanker decompression dives, 102

and submarines, 159, 170–74

and submersibles, 188

and Trieste's life support systems, 25

and yogic breathing, 47

carbon monoxide, 108–9

Carpenter, Scott, 128, 132–33, 281n

Cartagena, Spain, 160

Caspian Sea, 200

Cassidy, Butch, 103

Catto, A. Y., 101–2

Cayman Trough, 187

Cetus (ROV), 204

C-Explorer 5 (submersible), 180–81

Challenger Deep

and Deepsea Challenger, 10, 37, 241–42, 286–87n

and Five Deeps Expedition, 262

and Kaikō, 207–9

and Nereus, 227

and Trieste, 7–32, 8, 9, 34–36, 38–39, 53, 71, 72, 171, 186, 207, 242, 267–68n, 269–70n

Chapman, Matthew, 163–67, 170, 176–78

Chapman, Roger, 284n

Chatzistathis, George, 52–54, 274n

chest squeeze, 48, 274n

Chile, 162

China

and atmospheric diving suits, 154–55

and free diving, 234

and submersibles, 27, 186, 242

China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, 242

Chinese 3 bolt diving suit, 78

chlorate candles, 170, 172

choking, 45

Christ, Robert D., 221–24, 228, 246–47, 285n, 286n

Churchill, Winston, 162–63, 177–78

Churchill-Davidson, Ian, 108

Civil War, 160

Clarke, James Stanier, 270–71n

Clarke, John, 139–43, 145, 149, 281–82n

Clean Water Act, 254

climate change, 253

Cold (Streever), 4

Cold War, 44, 74, 206

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 273n

compressed air

and caisson workers, 86–90

and decompression chambers, 95–96, 98–99, 98, 101, 104–10

depth limits of divers breathing, 21, 109

and dive stages, 244

and helmet diving, 75–76, 78, 80–84, 113, 116–18

and hyperbaric medicine, 106–9, 142

limits of compressors, 101–2, 106

as quack medical cure, 106–8

and scuba diving, 13, 119, 239, 269n

in submarines, 13

Trieste's use of, 13, 31

compressed gasses. See also compressed air; exotic gas diving

and diving, 23, 71, 96, 151

computers

diving computers, 65

and dynamic positioning, 207, 219

and nuclear submarines, 169

and rare metals, 259

and robots, 284n

and ROVs, 246

and submersibles, 181

and underwater exploration, 27–28

and weather forecasting, 268n

conchs, 256–57

conservation, 5, 238, 247, 250–52, 263

Conshelf I habitat, 125

contemplation, 47–48

Cooke, Charles John, 112–15

corals, 24, 40, 58, 188, 217, 253, 259, 272n

Cousteau, Jacques, 118, 125–27, 129, 180, 196, 252

crabs, 156, 253

crinoids, 189

ctenophores, 39

Cunningham, Orval, 107–8

Cussler, Clive, 160

 

Dahab, Egypt, 146

Damant, G. C. C., 101–3

Deane, Charles, 75–77, 223

Deane, John, 75–77, 223

Dean's Blue Hole, 229–34, 237, 286n

de Boer, Roy, 180

decompression

and atmospheric diving suits, 154

and Duke University extremely deep chamber dive, 148–49

and exotic gas diving, 23, 114, 125–26, 145, 151

and saturation diving, 110–12, 121, 123–24, 130–31

staged, 101, 103, 123

and submersibles, 179–80

surface decompression, 243–44

and technical divers, 145–46

decompression chambers

and atmospheric diving suits, 202

author's experience, 141–43

and caisson workers, 95–96

and compressed air, 95–96, 98–99, 98, 101, 104–10

and Duke University extremely deep chamber dive, 148–49

and exotic gas diving, 23, 114, 144

John Scott Haldane's experiments with, 98–99, 98, 101, 104, 106, 110

and hyperbaric medicine, 108–9

and quack medicine, 106–8

and saturation diving, 111–12, 121, 123–24, 130, 131, 147–49

as treatment for decompression sickness, 105, 109, 141–43, 236

and U.S. Navy EDU, 136–37, 140

decompression sickness

and air pressure, 88–97

and atmospheric diving suits, 157

and Paul Bert, 96–97

and body temperature, 86, 91, 140

and caisson workers, 88–97, 99, 103, 106, 109, 277n

and decompression tables, 98, 103, 106, 109, 113, 139, 148, 278n

and Duke University extremely deep chamber dive, 149

and exotic gas diving, 114, 151

and free diving, 236

and John Scott Haldane, 86, 97–104, 100, 109–10, 113, 122, 139, 141, 236, 278n

and helmet diving, 86, 104, 110, 201

and hyperbaric medicine, 109

and Dick Mason, 243–45

and Navy EDU divers, 137, 141

and nitrogen, 97, 111–12

Virginie Papadopoulou's research on, 104–7

preventing by using slow ascents from depth, 85–86, 95–96, 101, 103, 109, 236

quick-onset bends, 105

recompression as treatment for, 94–97, 104–5, 109

and Washington Roebling, 93–94

and saturation diving, 123, 133, 281n

and Andrew Smith, 86, 90–91, 94–97

and staged decompression, 101, 103, 123

symptoms of, 85–86, 88–97, 99, 102, 141, 244

treatment in decompression chambers, 105, 109, 141–43, 236

decompression tables, 98, 103, 106, 109, 113, 139, 148, 278n

Deep (Nestor), 69, 237, 276n

Deep, Deeper, Deepest (Marx), 286n

Deepsea Challenger (submersible), 10, 37, 241–42, 286–87n

deep sea creatures

around black smokers, 156

collected by dredges, 192–96, 194

and Kaikō, 209

and notion of lifeless deep sea, 194–96, 209

seen by Trieste's crew, 23, 26, 28–29, 33–34, 37, 39, 209

deep submergence rescue vehicles (DSRV), 72–73, 276n

Deep Trekker DTG2 Smart (ROV), 215–17, 220–21, 228, 231

Department of the Navy Human Research Protection Program (DON HRPP), 140

Desco 3 light diving suit, 78

Detorakis, Yannis, 274n

diaphragmatic contractions, 41–42, 44, 67

diesel-electric powered submarines, 160, 162–63, 226, 282–83n

Dietz, Robert, 267–68n

dirigibles, 12–13, 15, 113

diving. See atmospheric diving suits; breath-hold diving; exhale diving; exotic gas diving; free diving; helmet diving; saturation diving; scuba diving

diving bells, 11–12, 125–26, 144

DNV GL submersible certification organization, 183

dolphins, 133, 215, 238, 254–55, 257, 275n

dreams, 138, 143, 148

Drebbel, Cornelis, 158–59, 170–71, 178–79, 283n

dredges, 191–96, 192, 194

Drew, Christopher, 277n

ducks, 59–60

Dugan, James, 127

Duke University extremely deep chamber dive, 147–49

dynamic positioning, 207

dyspnea, 144

 

Eads Bridge, 87–89

Earle, Sylvia, 5, 243, 247–51, 253, 260, 287n, 288n

ear problems, 49–50, 52, 91, 99, 151, 157

Echo Voyager (AUV), 226

Economist (magazine), 4

Edison, Thomas, 161

Egg Island, 218

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 35

electrical patents, 112, 279n

electric light bulbs, 161

Eleuthera, Bahamas, 218–19, 249

End, Edgar, 114–15

Endangered Species Act, 254

enslaved divers, 237, 286n

environmental damage

and dredging, 196

and fishing industry, 24, 33–34, 250, 253, 255, 258

and mining industry, 252, 259

and oil industry, 24, 33–34, 206, 241, 251, 253, 255, 258–59, 271n

environmental protection, 34, 248, 250–51, 254–55, 259, 288n

eustachian tubes, 49

exhale diving, 38–44, 58, 273n

Exosuit, 154

exotic gas diving. See also saturation diving

and body temperature, 123, 138

and decompression, 23, 114, 125–26, 144–45, 151

and deep dives, 5, 22–23, 68

and helium, 23, 68, 73, 112–15, 144, 149, 156

and helmet diving, 23, 37

and hydrogen, 23, 144, 149, 157

Max Nohl's record-breaking dive, 114–16

and oil industry, 201

and oxygen, 23, 68, 73, 112, 114–16, 144, 149

and scuba diving, 239–40

and technical divers, 145

Experimental Diving Unit (EDU), 124, 136–37, 139–41, 143–44, 149, 239

exploration. See undersea exploration

Explorers Club, 30

 

F-4 (submarine), 113

fatalities

of caisson workers, 88

and diving bells, 125–26

and free diving, 54–55, 57, 63–65, 69, 275n

and helmet diving, 75, 78, 84

and saturation diving, 135

and submersibles, 183

fishing industry, 24, 250, 253, 255–59, 288n

Fitzgerald, Ella, 57

Five Deeps Expedition, 261–63

Florida Keys Community College, 240

flying eyeballs, 204, 222

Forbes, Edward, 191–96, 209

force feedback, 208

Ford, Henry, 161

Fossett, Steve, 202

Franklin, Ben, 65–66, 68, 276n

free diving. See also breath-hold diving

accessibility of, 238

in antiquity, 50–51

author's experiences, 5, 38–45, 58–59, 61, 65–68, 229–31

compared to scuba diving, 239–40

as competitive sport, 50, 53–54, 56–57, 62–65, 68–69

and diaphragmatic contractions, 41–42, 44, 67

and ear problems, 49–50

exhale diving, 38–44, 58, 273n

and fatalities, 54–55, 57, 63–65, 275n

fins for, 56–58, 64–66, 68

and Haitian lobster divers, 256–57

and loss of consciousness, 22, 41–42, 55–57, 61, 63–65, 68–69, 236

and mammalian dive reflex, 41, 58–61, 274–75n

and Herbert Nitsch, 22, 240–41, 271n

records for, 22, 45–46, 54, 57, 62, 68–70, 72, 75, 102–3, 230, 234–38, 271n, 273n, 276n

recovery protocols, 64

scientific and commercial applications, 69–71, 78, 237

and William Trubridge, 68, 230–31, 233–39, 249

Freediving (Detorakis), 274n

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 271–72n

Fulton, Robert, 159

 

Gabr, Ahmed, 146–47, 271n

Gagnan, Émile, 118

gasoline, and Trieste's buoyancy, 8, 12–13, 15, 20–21, 26, 28, 30–32, 39, 171, 242, 269n, 271n

gassa, 51

gasses

Boyle's laws for, 43–44, 48–49, 54–55, 62, 81, 84–86, 87

dissolved in blood during dives, 23, 38, 42, 47, 55–56, 85–86, 96–97, 100, 104–5, 111, 141, 151, 236, 273n

gender ratio of underwater workers, 250

Germany, 162–63, 204, 223

Gillcrist, Dan, 282–83n

gill nets, 257–58

Gittleman, Mark, 246–47

Glenn, John, 127

gliders, 226

goats, 98–102, 100, 106, 119, 122–24, 136

Golf Ball (pressure chamber), 147

Goodman, Martin, 278n

Grand Lake St. Marys, 200

Grecian Bend, 91, 92

Greek sponge divers, 49–54, 75, 78, 102–4, 235, 274n

Grissom, Gus, 127

Guam, 7, 30, 36, 175

guinea pigs, 122, 124

Guinness World Records, 22

Gulf of Guinea, 248

Gulf of Mexico

ecosystems in, 143

environmental damage to, 24, 206, 241, 255

industrialization of, 206, 255, 287n

oil industry operations in, 141, 143, 200–201, 287n

 

hadal zone, 37

haenyo divers, 50

Haitian fisherman, 250, 255–59, 288n

Haldane, John Scott

and decompression chambers, 98–99, 98, 101, 104, 106, 110

decompression sickness experiments of, 86, 97–104, 100, 109–10, 113, 122, 139, 141, 236, 278n

Half Mile Down (Beebe), 268n

half-times, and decompression of tissues, 100

Halibut (submarine), 72–74, 110, 276n

Harris, Frank, 91–92

Hatzis, Stathis, 52–54, 72, 75, 78, 274n

Hawkes, Graham, 202–3, 252

heart rates, and mammalian dive reflex, 58–61

heliox, 122–24, 133, 154, 201

helium. See also heliox

in dirigibles, 12, 113

effect on divers' voices, 123, 131–32

in exotic gas diving, 23, 68, 73, 112–15, 144, 149, 156

and saturation diving, 122–23, 129, 131, 132, 149, 201

and scuba diving, 240

and technical divers, 145

helmet diving

and compressed air, 75–76, 78, 80–84, 113, 116–18

and decompression sickness, 86, 104, 110, 201

depth limits of, 38, 52, 102

descent and ascent procedures, 78–85

development of, 15, 75, 76, 77

and exotic gas breathing, 23, 37

and fatalities, 75, 78, 84

hot water heater helmets for, 116–17, 117, 279n

and loss of consciousness, 84

and nitrogen narcosis, 82–85

suits and equipment for, 78–79, 97, 110, 113–18, 117, 130, 153, 201, 223, 279n

Helmets of the Deep (Lyon), 279n

hemoglobin, 39, 235, 239–40

Herodotus, 50

Hill, Leonard, 97

History of Oilfield Diving, The (Swann), 284n

Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, The (Adams), 259

H. L. Hunley (submarine), 160

Holland, 157, 162, 183

Homer, 50

Honduras, 38, 186, 230

Hope Spots, 247–48, 287n

hot-water suits, 73

Housatonic (ship), 160

Hudson River Tunnel, 97

HUGINs, 224–26, 225, 261

human brain

and diaphragmatic contractions, 42

and mammalian dive reflex, 60

and need to breath, 40–42, 67–68

and nitrogen narcosis, 82–85

oxygen levels required for consciousness, 55–56, 68

hydrogen

in dirigibles, 12

in exotic gas diving, 23, 144, 149, 157

hydrothermal vents, 155, 207, 252, 255

hyperbaric medicine, 106–9, 142

 

I, Robot (Asimov), 209

Idabel (submersible), 180, 186–90

insanity, 144, 148

International Association for the Development of Apnea, 57

invasive species, 253

Iran, 157

iron shot ballast, 14–15, 24, 26, 30, 32, 242, 269n

Irving, Laurence, 274–75n

Italy

and construction of Trieste, 11, 269n

and recovery of battleship's lost anchor, 52, 72, 75, 78

and WWII, 162

 

James I (king of England), 158

Jaminet, Alphonse, 88–91, 94, 277n

Japan

diving in, 50, 57, 70

and Kaikō, 207–10, 219, 226, 285n

and robots, 191

and ROVs, 204

and Shinkai 6500, 186

submarines of, 157, 162

and WWII, 162

Jehangir, Rusty, 210–11

jellyfish, 24, 26, 39, 194, 226, 271n

Jiaolong (submersible), 186, 190

Johnson, Lyndon, 132

Johnson, Samuel, 32–33

Johnson-Sea-Link (submersible), 183

joint pain, 85, 88–89, 97, 143

Journal of Applied Physiology, 61

joystick controllers, 214, 216–18, 220–23

Junod, Victor, 277n

 

Kaharl, Victoria A., 185

Kaikō (ROV), 207–10, 219, 226, 285n

Kairei (ship), 207, 219, 285n

kampanelopetra, 51, 53

Kangis, George, 52–54, 274n

Kanyon (AUV), 232–33

kapalbhati pranayama, 46, 48

Kara Sea, 200

Keller, Hannes, 125–26

Kerry, John, 287n

Kings Bay, Georgia, 167

King's College London, 195

Kipling, Rudyard, 245

Kittinger, Joe, 270n

kolaouzieris, 51

Kordovsky, Gunter, 272n

Korea, 50, 139, 206

Kostel, Ken, 227

Kursk (submarine), 173–74

 

Laconia (ship), 162

Lahey, Patrick, 262

Lake Erie, 200

Lake Maracaibo, 200

leatherback sea turtles, 24

Leonardo da Vinci, 191, 284n

Leonardo da Vinci (submarine), 162

Lethbridge, John, 152–53, 282n

Leydon, J. K., 280–81n

Life of Admiral Lord Nelson, K.B., from His Lordship's Manuscripts, The (Clarke and M'Arthur), 270–71n

Life of Horatio Lord Nelson, The (Southey), 270–71n

lighter-than-air craft, 12–13, 15, 113

Link, Edwin, 125

Lister Institute, 106

lobster diving, 70, 237, 255–57, 259, 288n

lobsters, around black smokers, 156

Long Island, Bahamas, 229, 231, 237

Lord Howe Rise, 248

Louisiana, 142, 200, 206

Lucayo Indians, 237, 286n

luminescence, in deep sea creatures, 23

lungs

and breath-hold diving, 46–48, 55, 61–63, 65, 66, 274n

and development of saturation diving, 121–22

and exhale diving, 43–44

and free ascents from depth, 120

Lusitania (ship), 153

Lyon, Leon, 279n

 

M'Arthur, John, 270–71n

Madin, Larry, 227

Maiorca, Enzo, 54, 276n

Maiorca, Patrizia, 54

Maiorca, Rossana, 54

Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370, 225, 261

mammalian dive reflex, 41, 58–61, 274–75n

Man in the Sea Museum, 144–45, 153

Manning, Tiger, 130

Manual of Brit­ish Natural History in All Its Departments, A (Forbes), 191–92

Marine Debris Research, Prevention, and Reduction Act, 254

Marine Mammal Protection Act, 254

marine sanctuaries, 254

Mark V diving suit, 78

Mars, 176

Marx, Robert F., 286n

Mason, Dick, 243–45

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 112

Maui dolphins, 238

Mayol, Jacques, 54, 276n

Melville, Herman, 24

mercury, 43

metallic lithium, 269n

methane, 113–14

Mevoli, Nick, 63–66, 275n

Middle Waters (Clarke), 281–82n

mineral ores, around black smokers, 156

mining industry, 24, 252, 255, 259, 287–88n

Mir I and Mir II Russian submersibles, 185–86

Mission Blue, 247–48, 287n

Modern Mechanics (magazine), 116–17, 117, 279n

Molchanova, Alexey, 68

Molchanova, Natalia, 54

Mond, Ludwig, 106

Moran, Michael E., 284n

Morse diving suit, 78

Moss, Geoffrey, 157–58

motor control loss, 23, 56–57, 63–64, 68, 84, 91–93, 236

Museo Naval, 160–61

Musk, Elon, 259–60

 

nanotechnology, 235, 239–40

NASA, 17, 27, 44, 127–28, 246

National Environmental Policy Act, 254

National Geographic Society, 37, 242, 247

National Museum of the U.S. Navy, 270n

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 247

Natural History of the European Seas (Forbes), 194

Nautile (submersible), 186

Nautilus (submarine), 163

Naval Base Kitsap, 157, 163

Nelson, Horatio, 18–19, 270–71n

Nereus (hybrid ROV AUV), 226–27

Nestor, James, 69, 237, 276n

Netherlands, 178–79

Newtsuit, 154

New Zealand, 233, 237–38

nitrogen

and decompression sickness, 97, 111–12

nitrogen narcosis, 82–86, 102, 107, 116, 122, 154, 236, 271n, 277n

and saturation diving, 111–12, 121–22, 124

and scuba diving, 239–40

Nitsch, Herbert, 22, 240–41, 271n

Nohl, Max, 114–16, 121, 130, 146–47, 159, 279n

noise pollution, 253

No More Worlds to Conquer (Wright), 16–17, 270n

North Sea, 200, 203

No Time on Our Side (Chapman), 197, 284n

nuclear-powered AUVs, 232–33

nuclear-powered submarines, 132, 163, 282–83n. See also Alabama (submarine); San Francisco (submarine); Tennessee (submarine)

Nuytten, Phil, 151–52, 154–57, 184–85, 207, 252

 

Obama, Barack, 251

Ocean Dumping Act, 254

Ocean Elders, 251, 287n

Ocean Hole, 219–21

Ocean Infinity, 225, 261

Ocean Multipurpose System Status-6, 232–33

Ocean Simulation Facility, 136

off-gassing, 23, 131, 243. See also gasses

oil industry

Arctic Ocean oil exploration, 251

and AUVs, 228, 246

damage to deep sea environment by, 24, 206, 241, 251, 253, 255, 258, 271n

history of, 199–200

and ROVs, 199, 202, 204–7, 205, 223, 246

and saturation diving, 74, 138–39, 141, 144, 150, 199, 201

and submersibles, 184

underwater exploration for, 11, 24, 200–201, 200

Oliver (ship), 40, 272n

One Breath (Skolnick), 275n

Operation Ivy Bells, 72–75, 109–10, 118, 135–36, 159, 276n, 277n

Operation Ivy Bells (Williscroft), 277n

oxygen. See also heliox

and exhale diving, 38–39, 41–42, 273n

in exotic gas diving, 23, 68, 73, 112, 114–16, 144, 149

and free diving, 55, 67–68, 273n

and helmet diving, 83–84

and hyperbaric medicine, 107–8

levels required for consciousness, 55–56, 68

and mammalian dive reflex, 59–60

and nanoparticle enhanced hemoglobin, 235, 239–40

and ocean dead zones, 255

and saturation diving, 112, 121–22, 135, 149

and scuba diving, 239–40

and submarines, 163, 170, 173–74

and submersibles, 184, 188

and surface decompression, 243

as treatment for decompression sickness, 97, 105, 141–42

in Trieste's life support system, 25

Oxygen (Trubridge), 231, 234

oxygen toxicity, 83–84, 116, 122, 142, 154

 

Panama, 50

Panama City, Florida, 124, 128–29, 136, 153, 239, 280n

Papadopoulou, Virginie, 104–7

Pasley, Charles, 86, 94

Pelton, Ronald, 74

Peral, Isaac, 160–61, 171

Peral (submarine), 160–61

Performance Freediving International, 57

Persian Gulf, 200

physical testing, of experimental divers, 124–25, 130, 147–48

Piccard, Auguste, 12, 18, 267–68n, 270n

Piccard, Jacques

deep sea creatures observed, 23, 26, 28–29, 33–34, 37, 39, 209

and fear, 30–31

and Trieste's Challenger Deep expedition, 8–10, 12, 14–32, 34–36, 39, 71, 242, 267–68n, 269–70n

Pictorial History of Oceanographic Submersibles, A (Sweeney), 283n

plankton, 39–41, 66, 209, 217, 259

plastic in oceans, 238, 250, 259

Plutarch, 50

plutonium, 74

pneumatic institutes, 107–8

Poodle (ROV), 197, 223

porpoises, 60, 234, 255

Porter, Steve, 147–50

Power Shift (Gillcrist), 157, 282–83n

pressure chambers. See decompression chambers

Pressure Drop (ship), 262

pressure-proof hulls, 150, 183

"Prevention of Compressed-Air Illness, The" (Haldane and Damant), 103

Proceedings (U.S. Naval Institute's magazine), 251

Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI), 57–58, 274n

Project Genesis, 119, 121, 124

psychological effects of extreme depths, 124, 141, 144–48, 150, 165

psychological testing, 124, 165

Puerto Rico Trench, 262

Putin, Vladimir, 186

 

rapture of the deep. See nitrogen

rats, 121–22, 124, 136

Reaves, John, 134–35

Rebikoff, Dimitri, 196–97, 223

rebreathers

compared to scuba diving, 240

Max Nohl's record-breaking dive, 115, 130, 159

and Operation Ivy Bells, 73, 159

and scrubbing CO2, 135, 170

and Sealab, 130, 135, 280n

and technical divers, 145

Rechnitzer, Andreas, 17–19, 35

recompression, 94–97, 104–5, 109

remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)

author's experience, 211–12, 215–21, 228, 229–33

cameras on, 199, 214, 216

and Robert Christ, 221–24, 246–47

compared to divers, 206, 240, 284–85n

and Graham Hawkes, 202–3, 252

improvements in modern, 204, 222–23, 285n

Kaikō, 207–10, 219, 285n

for light commercial work, 214

Nereus, 226–27

and oil industry, 199, 202, 204–7, 205, 223, 246

recreational use of, 210–15, 222, 228

reducing costs of, 210–12, 214–15

support ships for, 203–5, 207, 218–19, 228

tethers for, 11, 207–8, 213–14, 220–24, 227, 228, 286n

REMUS (AUV), 226

Réunion Island, 70

rheumatism, 86, 94

Richet, Charles Robert, 59

Roatán Island, 186–88

RoboLobster (AUV), 226

Roebling, Washington A., 93–94

Rogers, Mark "Tex," 240, 272–73n

Rolex, 37

Rothesay, Isle of Bute, 101

Rouquayrol-Denayrouze self-contained underwater breathing apparatus, 118, 119

ROV Manual, The (Christ and Wernli), 221–24, 285n, 286n

Royal George (ship), 86

Russia

and free diving, 50, 54

and Kursk loss, 173

and space exploration, 127

and submersibles, 185–86

and UAVs, 232–33

 

S-13 (submarine), 162

safety divers, 41, 45, 55–56, 63–64, 68

salps, 39

samba. See motor control loss

San Blas Islands, 50

San Francisco (submarine), 175–77, 176, 189

San Juan (submarine), 172, 261, 283n

Santa Barbara Channel, 200

Sargasso Sea, 248, 286n

sargassum, 216, 231–32, 286n

saturation diving. See also exotic gas diving

and accidents, 246

author's experiences, 138–39, 141–43, 170, 261

George Bond's experiments, 120–31, 135, 138, 140, 201, 229, 279n, 280n

compared to costs of atmospheric diving suit, 154

and decompression chambers, 111–12, 121, 123–24, 130, 131, 147–49

decompression requirements for, 110–12, 121, 123–24, 130–31

and decompression sickness, 123, 133, 281n

and Sylvia Earle, 247

as example of innovative thinking, 15

and fatalities, 135

and heliox, 122–24

and helium, 122–23, 129, 131, 132, 149, 201

and Phil Nuytten, 151

and oil industry, 74, 138–39, 141, 144, 150, 199, 201

and Operation Ivy Bells, 72–75, 118, 135–36

and oxygen, 112, 121–22, 135, 149

and Sealab, 11, 118, 124, 127–33, 129, 281n

and U.S. Navy, 119–20, 123–24, 135, 138–40, 143–44, 279–80n

Scarlet Knight glider, 226

Scholander, Per, 59–60, 274–75n

scientist, as term, 42, 273n

Scorpio (ROV), 204

Scripps Canyon, 132

scuba diving

air pressure in scuba tanks, 13, 269n

compared to other forms of diving, 239–40

depth limits of, 21, 236, 271n

invention and development of, 118, 119

and PADI, 57–58

and technical divers, 145–46

YMCA instruction in, 10

sea cucumbers, 29, 34, 192, 256–57

Sea Dwellers (Barth), 123, 279–80n

Sealab program

and George Bond, 119, 127–33, 280–81n

and saturation diving, 11, 118, 124, 127–33, 129, 281n

and U.S. Navy, 11, 118–19, 127–28, 131–32, 134, 135–36, 144–45, 279–80n, 280–81n

seals, 43, 59–61, 275n

Sea of Okhotsk, 72–73

Sea Owl (ROV), 204

SeaTrepid, 221

sea turtles, 24, 43, 254, 257–59

Sentry (AUV), 226

Seven Miles Down (Piccard and Dietz), 267–68n

sharks, 70, 183, 218, 237

Shell Oil, 200–201

Shepard, Alan, 127

Shinkai (submersible), 186, 190

Shore Protection Act, 254

Shumaker, Larry, 17, 35, 268n

Siebe, Augustus, 76–78, 86, 97, 153, 201

simulations, 205

Sitting Bull, 161

skin bends, 101–2

Skolnick, Adam, 275n

sleds, 54, 235, 240

Small, Peter, 125–26

Smith, Andrew, 86, 90–91, 94–97

Solwara 1, 24

"Sons of Martha, The" (Kipling), 245

Sontag, Sherry, 277n

SOSUS stations, 138

South China Sea, 3, 243

Southey, Robert, 270–71n

South Sandwich Trench, 262

Soviet Union, 72–74, 162, 206, 276n

space exploration, 10, 17, 44, 127–28, 176, 239, 246–47, 259

SpaceX, 259–60

Spanker (ship), 101–3

sperm whales, 24

Spider (ROV), 204

spider monkeys, 122, 124

Spineless (Berwald), 271

Spitsbergen, Norway, 248

spleens, 60

sponges

diving for, 49–54, 75, 78, 102–4, 235, 274n

and plastic in the oceans, 259

on shipwrecks, 40, 272n

Spratt, Thomas, 51–52, 102, 274n

Stanley, Karl, 180, 186–90, 249

Star Wars (film), 209

Statti, Yorgos Haggi, 52–54, 274n

Stirling engines, 156

strangulation, 45

Streeter, Tanya, 54

Streever, Bill

aboard Tennessee, 167–72, 177

interview with Matthew Chapman, 163–67, 170, 176–78

interview with Sylvia Earle, 5, 247–51, 253, 260, 288n

ROV experiences of, 211–12, 215–21, 228, 229–33

saturation diving experiences of, 3, 138–39, 141–43, 170, 261

and Don Walsh, 10–11, 15–18, 27–28, 35–36, 68, 157, 171, 229, 243

writing of In Oceans Deep, 3–6, 15–16, 241–43, 248–51, 261

stress, 133, 142, 165, 203

Sturgeon (submarine), 162

submarines. See also specific submarines

ballast tanks of, 175

buoyancy control in, 13

capabilities of U.S. Navy, 23, 110, 164–65, 167–68, 189, 283n

and carbon dioxide, 159, 170–74

compared to submersibles, 166, 178

demographics of crews on, 282n

diesel-electric powered, 160, 162–63, 226, 282–83n

early development of, 33, 158–60, 283n

emergency escape from, 120, 123

and inaccuracies of undersea charts, 174–77, 189

jokes about, 171, 177

nuclear-powered, 163, 282–83n

sinkings of, 172–74

and undersea colonization, 156, 163–64, 185

and WWII, 162–63, 177–78, 207, 223, 226, 285n, 286n

Submersible, Portable, Inflatable Dwelling (SPID), 125

submersibles. See also Trieste (bathyscaphe)

authors experience, 5, 186–90

and China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, 242

compared to scuba diving, 239

compared to submarines, 166, 178

and compartmentalization of underwater knowledge, 5

cost of operating, 184

and decompression, 179–80

and Sylvia Earle, 247, 249

and fatalities, 183

and Five Deeps Expedition, 261–62

and Graham Hawkes, 202–3

and rescue by CURV, 197–98, 284n

as research vessels, 184–86

Russian, 185–86

support ships for, 178, 182, 184, 187, 249

U-BoatWorx, 166, 178–84

Suffer and Survive (Goodman), 278n

suffocation, 184, 231, 236

Sundance Kid, 103

support ships

and atmospheric diving suits, 154

and AUVs, 36, 246

and commercial diving, 201, 243

and Deepsea Challenger, 37

and Five Deeps Expedition, 262

and ROVs, 203–5, 207, 218–19, 228

and saturation diving, 154

and submersibles, 36, 178, 182, 184, 187, 249

and Trieste, 7, 18–20, 32

SurDO2, 243

surface decompression, 243–44

swallowing, 49

Swann, Christopher, 284n

swarm technology, 247

Sweeney, James B., 283n

swim fins, 56–58, 63–66, 68, 230, 235, 256, 288n

 

tagging, 70–71, 237, 275n

Talbert, Chris, 272n

tapping undersea telephone cables, 73–74, 135

Tasman Sea, 248

technical divers, 145–50, 159, 184

Tektite II habitat, 247

Tennessee (submarine), 167–72, 177

Terminator, The (film), 241

tethers

and CURV I, 198

for diving bells, 12

for ROVs, 11, 207–8, 213–14, 220–24, 227, 228, 286n

Than, Ker, 286–87n

thermoclines, 21–22, 32, 66

Thomson, Elihu, 112–13, 115

three-phase brushless motors, 210–11

Thresher (submarine), 131–32

throat squeeze, 48–49, 274n

Thucydides, 50

Titanic (film), 241

Titanic (ship), 16, 184–85

Toa diving suit, 78

tonic-clonic seizures, 84, 122

torpedoes, 160, 173, 197

Toyama Maru (ship), 162

Travels and Researches in Crete (Spratt), 274n

Triangle (Clarke), 281–82n

Trieste (bathyscaphe)

and Challenger Deep expedition, 7–32, 8, 9, 34–36, 38–39, 53, 71, 72, 171, 186, 207, 242, 267–68n, 269–70n

compared to Deepsea Challenger, 242

compared to diving bell, 11–12

cracked view port of, 26, 31, 35

gasoline buoyancy control for, 8, 12–13, 15, 20–21, 26, 28, 30–32, 39, 171, 242, 269n, 271n

iron shot ballast for, 14–15, 24, 26, 30, 32, 242, 269n

life support systems of, 25, 170

lighting system of, 25–26, 28, 30–32

and relative nature of depth, 22, 37, 68, 190

restrictions on operating depth of, 35–36, 271–72n

shallow water telephone system of, 7, 19–20, 24

U.S. government support for, 17–19, 35–36, 270n

voice-modulated sonar "telephone" system of, 24–25, 30–31

Tritonia diving suit, 153, 153

Triton Submarines, 262

Trubridge, William, 68, 230–31, 233–39, 249

Tsushima Maru (ship), 207, 285n

tunicates, 39

Turtle (submarine), 159, 283n

turtles, 24, 43, 254, 257–59

tympanic membrane, 49

 

U-156 (submarine), 162

U-BoatWorx, 166, 178–84

uddiyana bandha, 46

unconsciousness

and decompression sickness, 92–93

and free diving, 22, 41–42, 54–57, 61, 63–65, 68–69, 236

and helmet diving, 84

Undersea & Hyperbaric Medical Society, 108

undersea colonization, 120–21, 135, 144–45, 150, 155–57, 163–64, 185, 206–7

undersea exploration

and James Cameron, 10, 37, 186, 227, 241–42

and dredges, 191–96, 194

and Sylvia Earle, 247–50, 253, 260

Five Deeps Expedition, 261–63

inaccuracies of undersea charts, 174–77, 189

and medical science, 33

and mining industry, 24, 252, 255, 259, 288n

and notion of lifeless deep sea, 194–96, 209

for oil industry, 11, 24, 200–201, 200

in popular imagination, 16–17, 44, 127, 235–36, 263

and robots, 11, 15, 27–28, 34–36, 191, 227, 261, 263, 271n

and technical diving, 147

U.S. government support for, 17–19, 27, 35–36, 270n, 279n

and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 227

underwater ecosystems, 143, 156, 252

underwater robots. See also autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs); remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)

and artificial intelligence, 11, 28

and cameras, 196–97

and Challenger Deep, 10

compared to atmospheric diving suits, 155

compared to divers, 239–40, 246

CURV program, 197–98, 198, 284n

development of, 11

dredges as, 191–96, 194

and Sylvia Earle, 247

early history of, 191, 284n

micro-and pico-robots, 247

mining with, 24

and undersea colonization, 150

and undersea exploration, 11, 15, 27–28, 34–36, 191, 227, 261, 263, 271n

Don Walsh on, 27–28, 34–36, 190, 261, 271n

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 272n

U.S. government

and exotic gas diving experiments, 114

and marine environmental protection, 34, 254, 259

and space race, 127

support for undersea exploration by, 17–19, 27, 35–36, 270n, 279n

U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings, 251

U.S. Naval Undersea Museum, 270n

U.S. Navy

and atmospheric diving suits, 153

capabilities of submarines in, 23, 110, 164–65, 167–68, 189, 283n

and CURV program, 197

and decompression tables, 109, 139

and development of saturation diving, 119–20, 123–24, 135, 138–40, 143–44, 279–80n

Experimental Diving Unit, 124, 136–37, 139–41, 143–44, 149, 239

and Operation Ivy Bells, 72–74, 118, 135–36, 159, 276n

and ROVs, 199

and salvage of submarine F-4, 113

and Sealab program, 11, 118–19, 127–28, 131–32, 135–36, 144–45, 279–80n, 280–81n

submarine fleet of, 157, 163–72, 282n

support for undersea exploration by, 11, 35–37, 271–72n

and Trieste's Challenger Deep expedition, 8, 12, 18–19, 35, 38, 267–68n, 269–70n

and Don Walsh, 16, 27

WWII submarine warfare, 162–63, 207, 285n

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104

upward abdominal lock, 46

Utila, Honduras, 38, 46, 272n

 

Vancouver, Brit­ish Columbia, 151, 155

vascularization, 63

Vent Base Alpha, 155–57, 185, 207

Venus, 176

Verne, Jules, 164, 180

Vertical Blue international free diving competition, 230

Vescovo, Victor, 262

vestibular hits, 151

VonDuyke, Andrew, 275n

von Lünen, Alexander, 278n

voutto (diver), 51

 

Walk in the Woods, A (Bryson), 11

Walsh, Don

and Alvin, 184

and James Cameron, 37, 286–87n

deep sea creatures observed, 23, 26, 28–29, 33–34, 37, 39, 209

and Sylvia Earle, 251

and fear, 30–31

and Five Deeps Expedition, 262

on the nature of the deep sea, 68

and No More Worlds to Conquer (Wright), 16, 270n

on popularity of deep sea exploration, 16–17, 37

and Power Shift, 157

on robotics, 27–28, 34–36, 190, 261, 271n

and Bill Streever, 10–11, 15–18, 27–28, 35–36, 68, 157, 171, 229, 243

and Trieste's Challenger Deep expedition, 8–11, 14–32, 34–36, 39, 71, 171, 186, 242, 267–68n, 269–70n

Walsh, Joan, 11

WASP diving suit, 202

Water Baby (Kaharl), 185

water pressure

and atmospheric diving suits, 151, 154–57

and deep water oil drilling, 201

and helmet diving, 81–82

and submersibles, 182–83, 189–90

and Trieste, 10, 12–14, 31

water temperature

and depth, 22, 31

and hot-water suits, 73

Wendy Schmidt Ocean Health prize, 260

Wernli, Robert L., 221–22, 285n, 286n

whales, 4, 24, 43, 71, 199, 253–55, 275n

Whewell, William, 42, 273n

Wilhelm Gustloff (ship), 162

Williscrof, Robert G., 277n

Wolfe, Tom, 127

women

gender ratio of underwater workers, 250

on U.S. Navy submarines, 282n

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 184, 227, 243

World War II, submarine warfare, 162–63, 177–78, 207, 223, 226, 285n, 286n

Wright, Chris, 16–17, 270n

 

XPRIZE Foundation, 260

 

YMCA, 10

yogic breathing, 46–48, 273n

Yokohama diving suit, 78

About the Author

Bill Streever is the bestselling and award-winning author of And Soon I Heard a Roaring Wind, Cold, and Heat. He began his working life as a commercial diver. Later, as a biologist, he worked on issues ranging from climate change to the restoration of Arctic tundra to underwater noise to the evolution of cave crayfish. Today, with his wife and co-captain, he splits his time between Alaska and their cruising sailboat, currently in South America.